I’m going to blow your mind here. Did you ever stop to realize that numbers are invented?
It just seems like they’ve always been here. It seems like a lot of things have always been here, but they weren’t, always. Sure, we all know that things like phones and Cadbury Creme Eggs weren’t always around and that modern society is heads and shoulders above the Aztecs because we have these things.
That’s right — I just totally called out the Aztecs and I’m not afraid to highlight it. All you ever hear — assuming that you hang around with this kind of crowd– is how great the Aztecs were, but when you get right down to it, why? They couldn’t even beat Cortes. And Cortes was a failed lawyer and failed philanderer who stumbled into conquest who had only about 400 guys and 16 horses. So the Aztecs lost their land to a guy who couldn’t even pass the bar. It’s no wonder they didn’t invent the Cadbury Creme Egg.
It’s easy for us to imagine life without Cadbury Creme Eggs and cell phones. Horrifying, but easy. Our imaginations are equipped to encompass a world in which we couldn’t carry a phone with us and candy wasn’t shaped like things. But stretch a little further, and it becomes a lot more difficult. Picture a world without calendars. That maybe sounds great until you realize that most guys would have even less of a clue when their anniversary was coming up, you’d keep losing track of the 4th of July, and that one guy in the office would keep claiming that it’s his birthday roughly every three weeks, so you’d have to keep buying him lunch all the time. But until the Pope took things in hand and invented the modern calendar (I understand that the first one, in addition to having “blank days” and “filler months” also had “The Girls of Vatican City” on it) that’s exactly what life was like, if you substitute “4th of July” with “day of virgin sacrifice” and replace “guy in the office” with “indentured servant on the fief.”
It’s a lot harder to picture a world without Arbor Day and pages that flip up to show a new cute kitten every month accompanied by a cute, inspirational saying to get you through the tough times of May, is all I’m saying.
Now, try even harder: Picture a world without zero.
I know what your first thought was because it’s the same as mine: if there’s no zero, then that means that my bank account balance would have to show that I have something. That’s the dream, sure, but move beyond that a little. Imagine what life would be like, your own life, without zero hanging around. I’ll help.
Zero’s most common function is a place holder. If you have 101 Dalmatians, say, then zero serves to let everyone know that you have 1 more Dalmatian than a hundred – -holding the tens place open. No zero = 11 Dalmatians. Big difference, especially if you’re cleaning up. So no zero = need a much more cumbersome way of writing that out, so instead of writing “101 Dalmatians” you have to write “one hundred one Dalmatians.” And try adding one hundred one to some other number. (I hope I don’t get sued by Disney, so in the interest of not getting sued, let me say: I’m talking about a totally different set of Dalmatians and any resemblance to any other 101 Dalmatians is purely coincidental, the way that “Law & Order” episodes are deemed “purely coincidental” even though they don’t even really bother to change ANY of the details anymore.”)

Seems impossible, doesn’t it? But for over 1000 years, people didn’t use zero at all — they had no place holder, so nobody could have more than 99 of anything and if they had 10 of something, by law they were decreed to only have 1 of something and had to give 9 away. Probably. I’m a little hazy on what happened, but you get the point: they had no zero and so things were screwed up, so screwed up that people like Cortes could conquer them with only 400 soldiers — something that was likely helped along because the Aztecs didn’t know about zero and so they didn’t know if Cortes had 4 soldiers or 400 or 4 billion.
Zero doesn’t have just mathematical qualities, though — it also has spiritual significance. One Indian mathematician says that zero as a spiritual concept goes back 17,000 years. The reason zero could have a spiritual component is because of what happens when you use zero in regular math — and what happens is astounding.
Zero reverses all logic and turns the world inside out. Here’s some basics: A negative number subtracted from zero results in a positive number. So 0- -4 = 4. A positive number subtracted from zero results in a negative number — so 0-5 = -5.
Zero divided by anything is zero, which makes sense but is the only time zero makes sense. If I have zero Cadbury Creme Eggs and divide them among my five friends and that guy at the office whose birthday it is, we all get… zero.
But divide something by zero and all heck breaks loose. To try to find an easy way to explain it, I Googled “what happens when you divide by zero.” I was hesitant to do that in case just asking the question caused the universe to fold in on itself, but in the interest of “science” I forged ahead, the same way the Manhattan Project guys decided to test the A-Bomb even though they had a suspicion that doing so would ignite the Earth’s atmosphere, burn the entire planet to a piece of charcoal and end all life. Did that absolutely true story about their fears that their experiment would destroy the world stop them from going through with the experiment? No. Real “science” is willing to break a few eggs to get results — or, in some cases, incinerate a few planets to get results, and my readers can expect no less of me. So I went ahead and heedless of the risk to myself or the planet, googled that phrase.
Life didn’t end, so far as I can tell. Or if it did, the afterlife for some reason still requires me to work and that sucks. But I did get “The Math Forum,” which thought that dividing by zero was so dangerous that it warned people not to do so, in big block letters. Here’s an actual quote:
The only way we can interpret 1/0 (or any nonzero real number over zero) is as positive or negative infinity. In general though, listen to the oft-heard words of advice: DON’T DIVIDE BY ZERO, but with the following addendum: if you do, make sure you’re prepared to deal with what happens.
Chillingly, the mathematicians don’t say what might happen — just that we need to be prepared for it. And apparently anything can happen, because that same site goes on to explain that zero divided by zero equals zero, but it also equals two, and it equals one and if zero divided by zero equals one, then one equals every other number.
So that little website, designed to help people with math, has almost-singlehandedly brought down our whole number system and now you’ll never know how many Cadbury Creme Eggs you have. I say “almost-singlehandedly” because they couldn’t have done it without zero.
Zero acts so weird because zero has to interact with numbers but zero isn’t really a number as we think of them. Zero is a “number” the way a wife a company Christmas party is a “guest” at the party — she looks like everyone else, and knows a lot of the people, and can be holding a plate of hors d’ouevres but she won’t get all the inside jokes and will laugh at the wrong times and look blank when people talk about the Penske file.

Zero poses such a problem, in fact, that it has caused some people to think up even more things that aren’t numbers and don’t really exist. One “scientist”, according to the BBC, claimed to have come up with a way to divide by zero. His way involved inventing a new kind-of number, “nullity,” a number that would sit outside the ‘regular’ number line and that would be the result of dividing by zero, as I understand it. You have to wonder how seriously to take the inventor of “nullity,” (whose name is “Dr.” James Anderson), though, because his idea of debate is to say that if people doubt him he’ll hit them over the head with a computer. If the people who invented velociraptors had that kind of moxie, we might all believe in those, too.
Reference note: Unlike most of the stuff I write on here, and unlike most of the stuff I tell my kids, report to my boss, or claim in court, my thoughts on zero are backed by some actual reading and thinking — mostly from the book Zero, The Biography of A Dangerous Idea, by Charles Seife. You should read and buy that book, which you can do by clicking the title. I also refreshed my memory by going to this History Topics website. And The Straight Dope helped out.
No metaphysical concepts were harmed in making this blog.
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